Semantic

Idiom

An idiom is a word or phrase which means something different from its literal meaning. Idioms are common phrases or terms whose meaning is not real, but can be understood by their popular use.

Because idioms can mean something different from what the words mean it is difficult for someone not very good at speaking the language to use them properly. Some idioms are only used by some groups of people or at certain times. The idiom shape up or ship out, which is like saying improve your behavior or leave if you don't, might be said by an employer or supervisor to an employee, but not to other people.

Idioms are not the same thing as slang. Idioms are made of normal words that have a special meaning known by almost everyone. Slang is usually special words that are known only by a particular group of people.

To learn a language a person needs to learn the words in that language, and how and when to use them. But people also need to learn idioms separately because certain words together or at certain times can have different meanings. In order to understand an idiom, one sometimes needs to know the culture the idiom comes from.

The Example of Idioms: 

1. Break a leg (A way to wish someone good luck)
2. To live it up (To enjoy life, to live widely)
3. To kick the bucket (To die)
4. Shape up or ship out (Used to tell someone that they should leave if they don't improve their behavior or performance)

POLYSEMY

POLYSEMY

Polysemy is the association of one word with two or more distinct meanings.

A polyseme is a word or phrase with multiple meanings. 

Adjective: polysemous or polysemic.

In contrast, a one-to-one match between a word and a meaning is called monosemy. 

Homonymy is the relation between words with identical forms but different meanings that is, the condition of being homonyms. A stock example is the word bank as it appears in "river bank" and "savings bank." 

Homonymy and polysemy both involve one lexical form that is associated with multiple senses and as such both are possible sources of lexical ambiguity. But while homonyms are distinct lexemes that happen to share the same form, in polysemy a single lexeme is associated with multiple senses. The distinction between homonymy and polysemy is usually made on the basis of the relatedness of the senses: polysemy involves related senses, whereas the senses associated with homonymous lexemes are not related.

Examples of polysemy:

Man

1. The human species (i.e., man vs. animal).

2. Males of the human species ( i.e., man vs. woman).

3. Adult males of the human species (i.e., man vs. woman).

This example shows the specific polysemy where the same word is used at different levels of a taxonomy. Example 1 contains 2, and 2 contains 3.

Synecdoche & Metonymy

Synecdoche

Definition of Synecdoche

Synecdoche is a figure of speech in which a word or phrase that refers to a part of something is substituted to stand in for the whole, or vice versa. For example, the phrase “all hands on deck” is a demand for all of the crew to help, yet the word “hands” just a part of the crew stands in for the whole crew.

Synecdoche is a subset of metonymy. We explore the similarities and differences between the two in more detail below. Synecdoche and metonymy are also considered forms of metaphor in that all three literary devices involve a substitution of one term for another that requires a conceptual link. Synecdoche can sometimes be described as a form of personification in the cases when it substitutes a human element for a non-human organization, such as referring to a weapon falling into “the wrong hands.” In this case, the human element of “hands” stands in for an opposing group.

The word synecdoche comes from the Ancient Greek word synekdoche, which means “simultaneous understanding.”

Common Examples of Synecdoche

There are many common expressions that are examples of synecdoche. Here is a list of some of these examples:

• Boots on the ground : refers to soldiers
• New wheels : refers to a new car
• Ask for her hand : refers to asking a woman to marry
• Suits : can refer to businesspeople
• Plastic : can refer to credit cards
• The White House : can refer to statements made by individuals within the United States government

Significance of Synecdoche in Literature

Some literary theorists have posited that synecdoche is not merely ornamental, but instead one of the chief ways to describe and discover truths via literature. Along with metonymy, metaphor, and irony, synecdoche displays and creates new connections in the way that humans understand concepts. Whether or not authors use synecdoche intentionally, any connection between previously unassociated concepts creates new cognitive links. By exploring the usage of synecdoche in literature, we are able to better understand the human mind.

Metonymy Definition

It is a figure of speech that replaces the name of a thing with the name of something else with which it is closely associated. We can come across examples of metonymy both from literature and in everyday life. 

Examples of Metonymy in Everyday Life

We use metonymy frequently in our everyday life. For a better understanding, let us observe a few metonymy examples:

• England decides to keep check on immigration. (England refers to the government.)
• The pen is mightier than the sword. (Pen refers to written words and sword to military force.)
• The Oval Office was busy in work. (“The Oval Office” is a metonymy as it stands for people at work in the office.)
• Let me give you a hand. (Hand means help.)

Function of Metonymy

Generally, metonymy is used in developing literary symbolism i.e. it gives more profound meanings to otherwise common ideas and objects. By using metonymy, texts exhibit deeper or hidden meanings and thus drawing readers’ attention.  In addition, the use of metonymy helps achieve conciseness. For instance, “Rifles were guarding the gate” is more concise than “The guards with rifles in their hands were guarding the gate.”

Furthermore, metonymy, like other literary devices, is employed to add a poetic color to words to make them come to life. The simple ordinary things are described in a creative way to insert this “life” factor to the literary works.

Difference Between Synecdoche and Metonymy

The definition of synecdoche requires the substituted term to be either a part of the whole or a whole standing in for a part. Metonymy, on the other hand, can refer to the substitution of a term that is connected in any way to the original concept. For example, using “the crown” to refer to a member of royalty is metonymy because the concept of the crown is related to royalty. However, a crown is neither part of the royal person, nor is the royal person part of the crown.

Collocation

Defenition of Collocation
Collocations is a familiar grouping of words, especially words that habitually appear together and thereby convey meaning by association. Collocational range refers to the set of items that typically accompany a word. The size of a collocational range is partially determined by a word’s level of specificity and number of meanings.

Example of Collocation :
·         Rizal go home with his best friend every day (best)
·         Rizal eats with his good friends ( good, close ).

Synonim, Antonym, Hyponim

1. Synonym is the state or phenomenon in which the words that sound different, but have the same or idential meaning, as another word or pharase.

EXAMPLES :   Small                           -      Little
                           Big                              -       Large
                           Mother and Father   -       Parents

2. Antonym is the state or phenomenon in which the words have the sense relation which involve the opposite of meaning. Palmer classifies three  of antonym  can be devided into several types :
a.      Graclable antonymy is the meaning of each word is relative, it also can be put in a graded scale which is not fixed.
Examples :
Big – small
Good -  bad
Fast – slow
Young – old

3.Hyponym is a term to refer to a set or term or word. The higher or upper term or word is called a super ordinate, and the lower term is called a hyponym. Some examples of hyponym are :
a.      Vegetable = carrots – cabbages – spinach – lettuce

Simile

A simile is a figure of speech that says that one thing is like another different thing. We can use similes to make descriptions more emphatic or vivid.
We often use the words as...as and like with similes.
Common patterns for similes, with example sentences, are:
something [is*] AS adjective AS something
His skin was as cold as ice.
It felt as hard as rock.
She looked as gentle as a lamb.
something [is*] LIKE something
My love is like a red, red rose.
These cookies taste like garbage.
He had a temper (that was) like a volcano.
something [does**] LIKE something
He eats like a pig.
He smokes like a chimney.
They fought like cats and dogs.

FINAL TEST ESP

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background

ESP(English Specific Purpose) is centered on the language appropriate to the activities of a given discipline. ESP according to Hutchinson and Waters (1987:19), ESP is an approach to language teaching in which all decisions as to content and method are based on the learners reason for learning. In this connection, Dudley Evans (1998) explains that ESP may not always focus on the language for one specific discipline or  occupation, such as English for Computer science.

One of the fundamental questions for language teaching is what language is to be taught. In order to specify what language will be taught, items are typically listed and referred to as the syllabus. Graves (1996) discusses the language curriculum and syllabus. She describes the curriculum as a broad statement of the philosophy, purposes, design, and implementation of the entire language teaching program and th syllabus as a specification and ordering of content of a course.The education system in Indonesia, stipulates that English is the CourseGeneral (MKU), which is mandatory for students, so any subject captured everything will continue to learn English. A sticking question, whether the material taught English language is always the same when students learn in different departments? For example if English For Computer Science: An Analysis of the English Language Requirement On Informatics Engineering Student Pro Business Journal Vol. 6 No.1 February 2013 21.

Economics student of English study material is the same as the students of Information Engineering, Literature and others. Of course the answer is different, because the material and terms used in Economics and Informatics Engineering was different. The material is as it is known as ESP or English for Specific Purpose.Para English teacher or lecturer certainly very aware of the matter ESP. In this section the authors limit the discussion to the material ESP English for Computer Science. There are some difficulties experienced when lecturers for teaching ESP (English for Computer Science) to students, among others;

a). Most textbooks English for Computer Science published abroad, making it difficult to find a textbook local or domestic

b). Since most textbooks were from abroad, the level of difficulty (level of Difficulties)

Less material in accordance with the level of ability and needsstudents in Indonesia. Lecturers as curriculum developers should certainly play a role in the selection and development of teaching materials so that students are able to achieve the expected competencies

CHAPTER II

Summary Modul of Engelish Study Forest Faculity of Lancang Kuning University

In the beginning  the modul writed about introduction and writted about forest in english , telling about forest in english language. The modul writed about word formation , word formation is the word + ending .

Ending –ment, -ion, -ure is ending the noun,

Ex:         Agree + ment = Agreement

            Oppose + ion = Opposition

            Fail + ure = Failure

Ending –ic, -al, -ful is ending the adjective

Ex:       Democrat + ic = Democratic

            Nature + al = Natural

            Beauty + ful = Beautiful

Ending –ize is ending verb

Ex:       Stable + ize = Stabilize

Paralel Structure

            Is to connect the word or phrase that have same grammatical functions in a sentence, the conjunction use in this pattern are and,but,or,nor / no or.

Example :

Those shoes are old but confortable

Steve, Joe, and  alif are coming to dinner

Country, Language, Nationality

Using ending In – an , ese, ish, i to Adjective ending

Ex:

            Pakistan + i = Pakistani

            Sweden + ish = swedish

            Japan + ese = Japanese

            India + an = indian

Tenses

-Simple past tense

-Simple present tense

-Past continues tense

-Future tense

-present perfect

-Past perfect

Degree of comparison

1. positive

2.comparative

3. superlative

Comparative  and superlative forms of adjectives

1.One- syllable adjective

2.two- syllable adjective

3.Adjective with three or more syllable

Too, So, Either, Neither

have same meaning but different usage.

CHAPTER III

ANALYSIS

                The modul that one of best modul but must have changed in some sector , in firstly the lecture must be increase story long and too spesific . and then all of the english modul of forest faculity of lancang kuning  university too general and not spesific syncron with the major. must to gift the example connected with forest major and give the stories about  forest and science.

            like a novel , we interesting wih the novel with same like our real story, that because we have chemistry to read and taste. because it learning english must too have chemistry with our life, our hobbies. Like it our easy to understand english , and like it the forest faculity student understan english fully.