Collocation

Defenition of Collocation
Collocations is a familiar grouping of words, especially words that habitually appear together and thereby convey meaning by association. Collocational range refers to the set of items that typically accompany a word. The size of a collocational range is partially determined by a word’s level of specificity and number of meanings.

Example of Collocation :
·         Rizal go home with his best friend every day (best)
·         Rizal eats with his good friends ( good, close ).

Synonim, Antonym, Hyponim

1. Synonym is the state or phenomenon in which the words that sound different, but have the same or idential meaning, as another word or pharase.

EXAMPLES :   Small                           -      Little
                           Big                              -       Large
                           Mother and Father   -       Parents

2. Antonym is the state or phenomenon in which the words have the sense relation which involve the opposite of meaning. Palmer classifies three  of antonym  can be devided into several types :
a.      Graclable antonymy is the meaning of each word is relative, it also can be put in a graded scale which is not fixed.
Examples :
Big – small
Good -  bad
Fast – slow
Young – old

3.Hyponym is a term to refer to a set or term or word. The higher or upper term or word is called a super ordinate, and the lower term is called a hyponym. Some examples of hyponym are :
a.      Vegetable = carrots – cabbages – spinach – lettuce

Simile

A simile is a figure of speech that says that one thing is like another different thing. We can use similes to make descriptions more emphatic or vivid.
We often use the words as...as and like with similes.
Common patterns for similes, with example sentences, are:
something [is*] AS adjective AS something
His skin was as cold as ice.
It felt as hard as rock.
She looked as gentle as a lamb.
something [is*] LIKE something
My love is like a red, red rose.
These cookies taste like garbage.
He had a temper (that was) like a volcano.
something [does**] LIKE something
He eats like a pig.
He smokes like a chimney.
They fought like cats and dogs.

FINAL TEST ESP

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background

ESP(English Specific Purpose) is centered on the language appropriate to the activities of a given discipline. ESP according to Hutchinson and Waters (1987:19), ESP is an approach to language teaching in which all decisions as to content and method are based on the learners reason for learning. In this connection, Dudley Evans (1998) explains that ESP may not always focus on the language for one specific discipline or  occupation, such as English for Computer science.

One of the fundamental questions for language teaching is what language is to be taught. In order to specify what language will be taught, items are typically listed and referred to as the syllabus. Graves (1996) discusses the language curriculum and syllabus. She describes the curriculum as a broad statement of the philosophy, purposes, design, and implementation of the entire language teaching program and th syllabus as a specification and ordering of content of a course.The education system in Indonesia, stipulates that English is the CourseGeneral (MKU), which is mandatory for students, so any subject captured everything will continue to learn English. A sticking question, whether the material taught English language is always the same when students learn in different departments? For example if English For Computer Science: An Analysis of the English Language Requirement On Informatics Engineering Student Pro Business Journal Vol. 6 No.1 February 2013 21.

Economics student of English study material is the same as the students of Information Engineering, Literature and others. Of course the answer is different, because the material and terms used in Economics and Informatics Engineering was different. The material is as it is known as ESP or English for Specific Purpose.Para English teacher or lecturer certainly very aware of the matter ESP. In this section the authors limit the discussion to the material ESP English for Computer Science. There are some difficulties experienced when lecturers for teaching ESP (English for Computer Science) to students, among others;

a). Most textbooks English for Computer Science published abroad, making it difficult to find a textbook local or domestic

b). Since most textbooks were from abroad, the level of difficulty (level of Difficulties)

Less material in accordance with the level of ability and needsstudents in Indonesia. Lecturers as curriculum developers should certainly play a role in the selection and development of teaching materials so that students are able to achieve the expected competencies

CHAPTER II

Summary Modul of Engelish Study Forest Faculity of Lancang Kuning University

In the beginning  the modul writed about introduction and writted about forest in english , telling about forest in english language. The modul writed about word formation , word formation is the word + ending .

Ending –ment, -ion, -ure is ending the noun,

Ex:         Agree + ment = Agreement

            Oppose + ion = Opposition

            Fail + ure = Failure

Ending –ic, -al, -ful is ending the adjective

Ex:       Democrat + ic = Democratic

            Nature + al = Natural

            Beauty + ful = Beautiful

Ending –ize is ending verb

Ex:       Stable + ize = Stabilize

Paralel Structure

            Is to connect the word or phrase that have same grammatical functions in a sentence, the conjunction use in this pattern are and,but,or,nor / no or.

Example :

Those shoes are old but confortable

Steve, Joe, and  alif are coming to dinner

Country, Language, Nationality

Using ending In – an , ese, ish, i to Adjective ending

Ex:

            Pakistan + i = Pakistani

            Sweden + ish = swedish

            Japan + ese = Japanese

            India + an = indian

Tenses

-Simple past tense

-Simple present tense

-Past continues tense

-Future tense

-present perfect

-Past perfect

Degree of comparison

1. positive

2.comparative

3. superlative

Comparative  and superlative forms of adjectives

1.One- syllable adjective

2.two- syllable adjective

3.Adjective with three or more syllable

Too, So, Either, Neither

have same meaning but different usage.

CHAPTER III

ANALYSIS

                The modul that one of best modul but must have changed in some sector , in firstly the lecture must be increase story long and too spesific . and then all of the english modul of forest faculity of lancang kuning  university too general and not spesific syncron with the major. must to gift the example connected with forest major and give the stories about  forest and science.

            like a novel , we interesting wih the novel with same like our real story, that because we have chemistry to read and taste. because it learning english must too have chemistry with our life, our hobbies. Like it our easy to understand english , and like it the forest faculity student understan english fully.

Metaphor

Metaphor Definition
Metaphor is a figure of speech which makes an implicit, implied or hidden comparison between two things that are unrelated but share some common characteristics. In other words, a resemblance of two contradictory or different objects is made based on a single or some common characteristics.

In simple English, when you portray a person, place, thing, or an action as being something else, even though it is not actually that “something else,” you are speaking metaphorically. “He is the black sheep of the family” is a metaphor because he is not a sheep and is not even black. However, we can use this comparison to describe an association of a black sheep with that person. A black sheep is an unusual animal and typically stays away from the herd, and the person you are describing shares similar characteristics.

Furthermore, a metaphor develops a comparison which is different from a simile i.e. we do not use “like” or “as” to develop a comparison in a metaphor. It actually makes an implicit or hidden comparison and not an explicit one.
Common Speech Examples of Metaphors

Most of us think of a metaphor as a device used in songs or poems only, and that it has nothing to do with our everyday life. In fact, all of us in our routine life speak, write and think in metaphors. We cannot avoid them. Metaphors are sometimes constructed through our common language. They are called conventional metaphors. Calling a person a “night owl” or an “early bird” or saying “life is a journey” are common conventional metaphor examples commonly heard and understood by most of us. Below are some more conventional metaphors we often hear in our daily life:

My brother was boiling mad. (This implies he was too angry.)
The assignment was a breeze. (This implies that the assignment was not difficult.)
It is going to be clear skies from now on. (This implies that clear skies are not a threat and life is going to be without hardships)
The skies of his future began to darken. (Darkness is a threat; therefore, this implies that the coming times are going to be hard for him.)
Her voice is music to his ears. (This implies that her voice makes him feel happy)

Literary Metaphor Examples

Metaphors are used in all type of literature but not often to the degree they are used in poetry because poems are meant to communicate complex images and feelings to the readers and metaphors often state the comparisons most emotively. Here are some examples of metaphor from famous poems.

Example #1

    “She is all states, and all princes, I.”

John Donne, a metaphysical poet, was well-known for his abundant use of metaphors throughout his poetical works. In his well-known work “The Sun Rising,” the speaker scolds the sun for waking him and his beloved. Among the most evocative metaphors in literature, he explains “she is all states, and all princes, I.” This line demonstrates the speaker’s belief that he and his beloved are richer than all states, kingdoms, and rulers in the entire world because of the love that they share.

Ambiguity

Ambiguity Definition
Ambiguity or fallacy of ambiguity is a word, phrase, or statement which contains more than one meaning.

Ambiguous words or statements lead to vagueness and confusion, and shape the basis for instances of unintentional humor. For instance, it is ambiguous to say “I rode a black horse in red pajamas,” because it may lead us to think the horse was wearing red pajamas. The sentence becomes clear when it is restructured “Wearing red pajamas, I rode a black horse.”

Similarly, same words with different meanings can cause ambiguity e.g. “John took off his trousers by the bank.” It is funny if we confuse one meaning of “bank” which is a building, to another meaning, being “an edge of a river”. Context usually resolves any ambiguity in such cases.

Examples of Ambiguity in Literature
Although ambiguity is considered a flaw in writing, many writers use this technique to allow readers to understand their works in a variety of ways, giving them depth and complexity. Let us analyze some ambiguity examples in literature.

Example #1
Read the following excerpt from “The Catcher in the Rye” by J. D. Salinger:

“I ran all the way to the main gate, and then I waited a second till I got my breath. I have no wind, if you want to know the truth. I’m quite a heavy smoker, for one thing—that is, I used to be. They made me cut it out. Another thing, I grew six and a half inches last year. That’s also how I practically got t.b. and came out here for all these goddam checkups and stuff. I’m pretty healthy though.”

The words “they” and “here” used by the speaker are ambiguous. But the readers are allowed to presume from the context that “they” might be the professionals helping out Holden and “here” might be a rehabilitation center.

Function of Ambiguity
Ambiguity in literature serves the purpose of lending a deeper meaning to a literary work. By introducing ambiguity in their works, writers give liberty to the readers to use their imagination to explore meanings. This active participation of the readers involves them in the prose or poetry they read.

Connotation vs Denotation vs Implication

connotation is not a word that implies actual or usually referred to as the figurative meaning . the goal is to provide a comparison that what is more interesting and clear . for example : because bighead . moyes can't have friends ( bighead : arrogant )

denotation is a word that has true meaning which the word in the dictionary . for example : halim planting Flower in his backyard.

An implication is something slightly different. If I imply something, I am saying something specific to somebody, without actually using that sentence (this might be an accident. We might not want the listener to have this idea). Usually, an implication is a proposition - something that can be expressed as a sentence.